A shorter sentence after the previous post's loooong explanation:
亀は背中に浦島太郎をのせて泳ぎ出しました。
かめはせなかにうらしまたろうをのせておよぎだしました。
kame ha senaka ni urashima tarou wo nosete oyogidashimashita.
It's a te-form followed by a second clause.
The topic (and subject) is our friend the turtle, 亀, with the particle は.
背中 is the noun "back" (as in a person's or animal's back), with the particle に (in this case "on").
The first kanji is 背 is an N3 kanji occurring in 15 common words. Those words are all related to the term "back," mostly in the physical sense.
The second kanji was mentioned in an earlier post.
The object (marked with を) is 浦島太郎, our hero.
のせて is the te-form of 乗せる or のせる. We already know that this means "to place on" from an earlier sentence.
So this first clause means "The turtle placed Urashima Tarou on its back and..."
The second clause is just the polite past form of 泳ぎ出す (およぎだす), which means "to strike out, to start swimming." Both kanji, 泳 and 出, were also already discussed in a previous post.
The sentence as a whole reads, "The turtle placed Urashima Tarou on its back and started swimming."
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